March 2009 ~ Fashion & Costume History

Pirate Costumes - The Latest Costume Party Disguise

Adults, as much as kids, have fun getting disguised and running wild in a certain occasion. However, finding the right costume can prove to be difficult especially because of gender bias. Thanks to pirate costumes, gender stereotype is not something to be concerned about. All pirate lovers can now rise up to the challenge and fun of spotting the hidden treasure amidst a pitch black room.

True enough, many of the pirates in literature and history were men while women were generally portrayed in land-based supporting roles. There are nonetheless a few stories of fiery women with the sea in their veins, and women's pirate costumes reflect just that. Of course, in the male-dominated pirate scene, female characters like pirate wench costumes or working girls are often relegated to serving drinks at the tavern.

Pirate costumes are popular with children, and equally so for adults.

Adult pirate costumes go further than those for children: they are more nuanced, more complex, and definitely sexier. For both sexes, the pirate image oozes a sense of lawlessness, strength, and unwavering independence. These are characters that are confident in what they do and who they are, and can beat you down if they needed or wanted to.

Pirate costumes usually come with a ton of props. No adult pirate costume is complete without an eye patch, a pirate teeth, and hooks on an iron hand. One can also choose to have a pirate head wrap while holding and swinging pirate weapons. Guns and cutlasses are the favorites but you can always choose your own weapon to fight other scalawags or even the British Royal Navy.

Ladies pirate costumes come in different styles and characteristics too. Women can choose from being pirate lass, a pirate queen, or Seven Seas Siren. Of course, an eye catching pirate hat or band can also fit the ladies. For adult women, the pirate-setting character gets an additional facet. They are supposedly enlightened to the sexuality of things, and the characters they look at and portray get that sexual side to them. The pirate is someone who takes what they want from whoever they wish and does whatever they feel. This carefree spirit extends to the costume, giving it that sexy yet butt-kicking feel. A pirate costume says "I am strong, I am sexy, and you will not want to mess with me". Even pirate wench costumes have a tough, I-won't-take-any-of-your-nonsense look.

Pirates have conquered the world of Halloween and other costume parties. It's time to get into the trend and party in style with the best pirate Halloween costume you can come up with. Still, it all comes down to how you play the part. Talking like a pirate is only an extra. It is about how you swagger, how you move with effortless confidence. This is what we admire the most about pirates: they are confident. They are confident enough to not care what others think and to feel that what they do is right. If you think you can do that, then the pirate costume will look great on you. Put one on and you can go in search of treasure, danger, and wild times!

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Samsung History

Within 1938, Shelter Byung-chull (1910–1987) of the big landowning loved ones within the Uiryeong region found a close by Daegu town and additionally started Samsung Sanghoe, a little buying and selling organization along with 40 workers positioned in Su-dong (right now Ingyo-dong). This worked within food created around the town and additionally created noodles by itself. The organization prospered and additionally Shelter relocated it's hq in order to Seoul within 1947. Once the Korean Battle shattered away, nevertheless, he or she had been pressured in order to depart Seoul and additionally began the sugars refinery within Busan like a title associated with Cheil Jedang. Following the battle, within 1954, Shelter started Cheil Mojik and additionally constructed a grow within Chimsan-dong, Daegu. It had been the biggest woolen generator actually in the united kingdom and also the organization required with an facet of a significant organization.

Samsung varied in to numerous places and additionally Shelter searched for to determine Samsung being an business innovator within an array of businesses, getting into companies for example insurance coverage, investments, and additionally list.

Shelter positioned excellent significance upon industrialization, and additionally concentrated their financial improvement technique upon a number of big household conglomerates, safeguarding all of them through competitors and additionally helping all of them monetarily. He or she later on prohibited a number of international businesses through promoting gadgets within Southern Korea to be able to safeguard Samsung through international competitors.

Within the past due sixties, Samsung Team joined to the consumer electronics business. This created a number of electronics-related sections, for example Samsung Consumer electronics Products Company., Samsung Electro-Mechanics Company., Samsung Corning Company., and additionally Samsung Semiconductor & Telecoms Company., and additionally created a service within Suwon. It's very first item had been the black-and-white tv. Within 1980, the organization obtained Hanguk Jeonja Tongsin within Gumi, and additionally began to construct telecommunication products. It's earlier items had been switchboards. A service had been progressed into the phone and additionally fax production techniques and additionally grew to become a center associated with Samsung's cell phone production. They've created more than eight hundred zillion cell phones up to now. The organization arranged all of them collectively below Samsung Consumer electronics Company., Ltd. within the 1980s.

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Chaplain History

Introduction:

The chaplains are considered as the bases of the biblical teachings of the Old Testaments. The chaplains are regarded as an eminent part of tradition of military from the earlier years that lead to European antecedents that used clergy system in the revolutionary war in 1971. This paper carries out a SWOT analysis of the Christian Chaplaincy in order to understand the history, duties and the difficulties that were faced by the chaplains.

From the pages of past history, one can easily find out the roles and the function that have been played so far by the military chaplains The chaplains are considered to be the healers, helping hands and a voice of inspiration for comforting the military officials at the time of jeopardizing. Chaplains are members of clergy who serve as the religious guiders on the borders. Chaplains provide morals to strengthen the faith of army.

They do not carry weapons but they have the power to govern the minds of the army officers with the help of religious text to comfort their souls in the crucial times of misery in remote locations. They are specially trained for guiding religiously and they are considered to be experts in conveying the religious messages (Thompson).

The tradition of chaplaincy is old as the concept of war. The Christian chaplaincy has been a part of military from the French and Indian War. The regularity in the appointment of chaplaincy was called upon by George Washington. The continental army instituted the chaplaincy services during the American Revolution (Bergen).

Strengths:

The strength of the chaplains is that they serve as the morale booster and work for the battle indirectly by being the strength for the army.

They serve in the battle field indirectly by polishing the goals and faiths of the army. Chaplains had served the armies of Christians and its roots could easily be found in spiritual text namely the Old Testament. One of the examples could be the priest Aaron who served the purpose of morale booster for the fighters. Chaplains also performed the function of medical in the revolutionary war period. The chaplains carried the wounded ones to the remote location. History also reveals that the chaplains also buried the dead officers which was then included in the religious task of the chaplains (Bergen).

Motorcycle History

Early milestones

Petroleum power

The inspiration for the earliest dirt bike, and arguably the first motorcycle, was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt (since 1905 a city district of Stuttgart) in 1885. The first petroleum-powered vehicle, it was essentially a motorized bicycle, although the inventors called their invention the Reitwagen ("riding carriage"). They had not set out to create a vehicle form but to build a simple carriage for the engine, which was the focus of their endeavours.

Steam power

However, if one counts two wheels with steam propulsion as being a motorcycle, then the first one may have been American. One such machine was demonstrated at fairs and circuses in the eastern United States in 1867, built by Sylvester Howard Roper of Roxbury, Massachusetts.

There exists an example of a Roper machine dating from 1869, but there is no patent existing and nothing proves it was a working model. It was powered by a charcoal-fired two-cylinder engine, whose connecting rods directly drive a crank on the rear wheel. The Roper machine pre-dates the invention of the safety bicycle by many years, so its chassis is based on the "boneshaker" bike.

In 1868, the French engineer Louis-Guillaume Perreaux patented a similar steam-powered vehicle, which was probably invented independent of Roper's. In this case, although a patent exists that is dated 1868, nothing indicates the invention had been operable before 1871. Nevertheless, these steam-powered vehicles were invented prior to the first petroleum-powered motorcycle.

An 1894 Hildebrand & Wolfmller

The English persisted with steam powered bikes into the Edwardian period.[citation needed] Pearson and Cox was one firm that made units until the First World War.[citation needed]

First commercial products

In the decade from the late 1880s, dozens of designs and machines emerged, particularly in France, Germany and England, and soon spread to America.

During this early period of motorcycle history, there were many manufacturers since bicycle makers were adapting their designs for the new internal combustion engine.

In 1894, the Hildebrand & Wolfmller became the first motorcycle available to the public for purchase. However, only a few hundred examples of this motorcycle were ever built. Soon, as the engines became more powerful and designs outgrew the bicycle origins, the number of motorcycle-oriented producers increased.

The first known motorcycle in the United States was said to be brought to New York by a French circus performer, in 1895. It weighed about 200 lb (91 kg) and was capable of 40 mph (64 km/h) on a level surface. However, that same year, an inventor from the United States E.J. Pennington demonstrated a motorcycle of his own design in Milwaukee. Pennington claimed his machine was capable of a speed of 58 mph (93 km/h), and is credited with inventing the term "motor cycle" to describe his machine.

The 20th century

Before World War II

A 1913 FN (Fabrique National), Belgium, 4cylinders and shaft drive

In 1901 English quadricycle and bicycle maker Royal Enfield introduced its first motorcycle, with a 239 cc engine mounted in the front and driving the rear wheel through a belt. In 1898, English bicycle maker Triumph decided to extend its focus to include motorcycles, and by 1902, the company had produced its first motorcycle bicycle fitted with a Belgian-built engine. In 1903, as Triumph's motorcycle sales topped 500, the American company Harley-Davidson started producing motorcycles.

In 1904, the Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company, which had been founded by two former bicycle racers, designed the so-called "diamond framed" Indian Single, whose engine was built by the Aurora Firm in Illinois. The Single was made available in the deep red color that would become Indian's trademark. By then, Indian's production was up to over 500 bikes annually and would rise to 32,000, its best ever, in 1913.

During this period, experimentation and innovation were driven by the popular new sport of motorcycle racing, with its powerful incentive to produce tough, fast, reliable machines. These enhancements quickly found their way to the public machines.

A 1923 BMW R32, with a shaft-drive, boxer twin engine

Chief August Vollmer of the Berkeley, California Police Department is credited with organizing the first official Police Motorcycle Patrol in the United States in 1911. By 1914, motorcycles were no longer just bicycles with engines; they had their own technologies, although many still maintained bicycle elements, like the seats and suspension.

A pre-war Polish Sok 1000

An historic V-twin American motorcycle a 1941 Crocker

Until the First World War, Indian was the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world. After that, this honor went to Harley-Davidson, until 1928 when DKW took over as the largest manufacturer. BMW motorcycles came on the scene in 1923 with a shaft drive and an opposed-twin or "boxer" engine enclosed with the transmission in a single aluminum housing.

By 1931, Indian and Harley-Davidson were the only two American manufacturers producing commercial motorcycles. This two-company rivalry in the United States remained until 1953, when the Indian Motorcycle factory in Springfield, Massachusetts closed and Royal Enfield took over the Indian name.

There were over 80 different makes of motorcycle available in Britain in the 1930s, from the familiar marques like Norton, Triumph and AJS to the completely obscure, with names like New Gerrard, NUT, SOS, Chell and Whitwood, about twice as many motorcycle makes competing in the world market during the early 21st century.

In 1937, Joe Petrali set a new land speed record of 136.183 mph (219.165 km/h) on a modified Harley-Davidson 61 cubic inch (1000 cc) overhead valve-driven motorcycle. The same day, Petrali also broke the speed record for 45 cubic inch (737 cc) engine motorcycles.

In Europe, production demands, driven by the buildup to World War II, included motorcycles for military use, and BSA supplied 126,000 BSA M20 motorcycles to the British armed forces, starting in 1937 and continuing until 1950. Royal Enfield also produced motorcycles for the military, including a 125 cc lightweight motorcycle that could be dropped (in a parachute-fitted tube cage) from an aircraft.

After World War II

An original Vespa with sidecar

After the Second World War, some American veterans found a replacement for the camaraderie, excitement, danger and speed of life at war in motorcycles. Grouped into loosely organized clubs, motorcycle riders in the U.S. created a new social institutionhe motorcyclists or "bikers"hich was later skewed by the "outlaw" persona Marlon Brando portrayed in the 1954 film The Wild One.

In Europe, on the other hand, post-war motorcycle producers were more concerned with designing practical, economical transportation than the social aspects, or "biker" image. Italian designer Piaggio introduced the Vespa in 1946, which experienced immediate and widespread popularity. Imports from the UK, Italy and Germany, thus found a niche in U.S. markets that American bikes did not fill.

The BSA Group purchased Triumph Motorcycles in 1951 to become the largest producer of motorcycles in the world claiming "one in four". The German NSU was the largest manufacturer from 1955 until the 1970s when Honda became the largest manufacturer title now claimed by Indian bike firm Hero Honda, which specialises in small motorcycles throughout India and similar markets.

A 1962 Triumph Bonneville represents the popularity of British motorcycles at that time

British manufacturers Triumph, BSA, and Norton retained a dominant position in some markets until the rise of the Japanese manufacturers (led by Honda) in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The role of the motorcycle shifted in the 1960s, from the tool of a life to a toy of a lifestyle. It became part of an image, of status, a cultural icon for individualism, a prop in Hollywood B-movies.

The motorcycle also became a recreational machine for sport and leisure, a vehicle for carefree youth, not essential transportation for the mature family man or woman, and the Japanese were able to produce modern designs more quickly, more cheaply, and of better quality than their competitors. Their motorbikes were more stylish and more reliable, so the British manufacturers fell behind as mass-market producers.

The Honda Motor Co., which was officially founded in Japan on September 24, 1948, introduced their SOHC inline 4-cylinder 750 in 1969, which was inexpensive and immediately successful. It was not a high-performance bike, but it established the across-the-frame-4 engine configuration as a design with huge potential for power and performance. Despite being much more complex than any other mass-market motorcycle, it was the most reliable large motorcycle on the road.[citation needed]

Shortly after the introduction of the SOHC, Kawasaki demonstrated the potential of the four-cycle four-cylinder engine with the introduction of the KZ900. The only motorcycle that outperformed the KZ900 was another Kawasaki, the H1, a much smaller and lighter 3-cylinder, two-cycle engine.[citation needed] The H1 was prone to fouling, and was considered dangerous by many riders.[citation needed]

The Suzuki Motor Co., Ltd., Kawasaki Heavy Industries and the Yamaha Motor Corporation each started producing motorcycles in the 1950s. Meanwhile, the sun was setting on British dominion over the big-displacement motorbike market.

Japanese dominance

The Honda CB750 revolutionized motorcycle marketing and was emblematic of Japanese dominance

The excellence of Japanese motorcycles caused similar effects in all "Western" markets: many Italian bike firms either went bust or only just managed to survive. As a result BMW's worldwide sales sagged in the 1960s, but came back strongly with the introduction of a completely redesigned "slash-5" series for model year 1970.

From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke motorcycles were popular worldwide, partly as a result of the East German Walter Kaaden's engine work in the 1950s, later acquired by Suzuki via stolen plans supplied by MZ rider Ernst Degner, who defected to the West on 13th September 1961 after retiring from the 125cc Swedish Grand Prix at Kristianstad.

Harley-Davidson (HD) in the U.S. at the time suffered from the same problems as the European firms, but its unique product range, American tariff laws and nationalism-driven customer loyalty allowed it to survive. One alleged flaw, however, was retaining the characteristic HD 45 engine vee-angle, which causes excess vibration as well as the loping HD sound.

A factory full fairing was introduced by BMW motorcycles in the R100RS of 1977, the first factory fairing produced in quantity. In 1980, BMW stimulated the "adventure touring" category of motorcycling with its R80G/S. In 1988, BMW was the first motorcycle manufacturer to introduce anti-lock-brakes (ABS) on its sporting K100RS-SE and K1 models.

The present

A 2004 Kawasaki ZX-7RR

Today the Japanese manufacturers, Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, and Yamaha dominate the large motorcycle industry, although Harley-Davidson still maintains a high degree of popularity, particularly in the United States.

Recent years have seen a resurgence in the popularity around the world of many other motorcycle brands, including BMW, Triumph and Ducati, and the emergence of Victory as a second successful mass-builder of big-twin American cruisers.

In November 2006, the Dutch company E.V.A. Products BV Holland announced that the first commercially available diesel-powered motorcycle, its Track T-800CDI, achieved production status. The Track T-800CDI uses a 800 cc three-cylinder Daimler Chrysler diesel engine. However, other manufacturers, including Royal Enfield, had been producing diesel-powered bikes since at least 1965.

Motorcycle traffic in Bangkok

Currently, the largest motorcycle market is the small machines market for the developing world, hence the claim from Indian Hero Honda to be the world's new biggest bike firm. India has also been the home to the Enfield Cycle Company's Royal Enfield, since 1995. Enfield India still makes updated versions of the 1955 Royal Enfield Bullet motorcycle.

There is a large demand for small, cheap motorcycles in the "developing world", and many of the firms meeting that demand now also compete in "developed" markets, such as China's Hongdou which makes a version of Honda's venerable CG 125.

Motorcycle taxis are the developing world's limousines. Scooters, mopeds and motorcycles offer a fast, cheap and risky way around snarled traffic and scarce mass transit, as they can easily squeeze through jams.

Postcard History

Pioneer Era (1893-1898)

Although there were earlier scattered issues, most pioneer cards in today's collections begin with the cards placed on sale at Chicago's Columbian Exposition in May of 1893. These were illustrations on government printed postal cards and privately printed souvenir cards. The government postal cards had the printed 1¢ stamp while the souvenir cards required a 2¢ adhesive postage stamp to be applied to it. Writing was not permitted on the address side of the cards.

Private Mailing Card Era (1889-1901)

On May 19, 1898, private printers were granted permission, by an act of Congress, to print and sell cards that bore the inscription "Private Mailing Card." Today some people call these cards PMCs. Postage required was a 2¢ adhesive stamp. A dozen or more American printers began to take postcards seriously. As with the Pioneer Era cards, writing was not permitted on the address side.

Post Card Era (1901-1907)

The use of the words "POST CARD" was granted to private printers by the U.S.

government on December 24, 1901. Writing was still not permitted on the address side. In this era private citizens began to take black & white photographs and have them printed on paper with post card backs.

Divided Back Era (1907-1914)

Postcards with a divided back were permitted March 1, 1907. The address to be written on the right side and the left side was for writing messages. Many millions of cards were published in this era. Up to this point most postcards were printed in Germany, which was far ahead of the United States in the lithographic processes.

With the advent of World War I the supply of postcards from Germany ended.

White Border Era (1915-1930)

Most postcards during this era were printed in the USA during this period. To save ink, a border was left around the view thus they are referred to as "White Border" cards. A high cost of labor, inexperience and public taste caused production of poor quality cards.

Linen Era (1930-1944)

New production processes allowed printing on post cards with high "rag" content that caused a "linen-like" finish. These inexpensive cards allowed the use of gaudy dyes for coloring. The firm of Curt Teich flourished on their line of linen postcards.

Photochrome Era (1945 to present date)

The "chrome" postcards started to dominate the scene soon after they were launched by the Union Oil Company in their western service stations in 1939.

Real Photographs

Real photos are just that. A photograph was taken and developed. A caption was often hand-written on the negative, often glass. The photograph was printed on special postcard stock. Many real photos are one of a kind. Some were, relatively mass produced, usually by a photographer. Some clues are that if the caption is not neat, it probably was one of a kind. Mass produced cards usually were neater. Some of them carry the name of the photographer.

Fashion & Costume History

Pirate Costumes - The Latest Costume Party Disguise

Samsung History

Chaplain History

Motorcycle History

Postcard History

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